A Study On Cross Cultural Groups And Organizations

A Dutch Social psychologist, Geert Hofstede carried out research studies on cross-cultural groups and organizations. He defined culture as a collective programing of the mind that makes the members of one group different from those of another group. His studies were instrumental in the developing of a systematic framework that is used in the assessment and the differentiation of organizational and national cultures. The framework was designed to show how a society’s culture affects the values of the members, and also, how the values relate to their behaviors. Hofstede was born on October 2nd 1982 and was an employee of IBM. At IBM International, Hofstede worked as a trainer in management and also as a manager of research on personnel. It is at this point, when he made a transition into psychology from engineering. He was highly recognized through his work on developing the cultural dimensions theory. His work was found useful by scholars and practitioners who took interest in the relationships between different cultures. His position in IBM International gave him opportunities to interact with and study different cultures around the world. This is because IBM had over 70 subsidiaries in different countries around the world. Hofstede travelled and conducted surveys and interviews in different parts of the world regarding people’s behaviors in their workplaces and how they interacted. Hofstede collected large amounts of data and analyzed it through different ways, whichShow MoreRelatedAnalysis : Managing Across Borders1132 Words   |  5 PagesMany studies have highlighted the fact that culture influences the way of thinking of an individual that can have major impact on the communication pattern of the strategies (Mazanec et al. 2015). For that reason, organizations often try to develop effective strategies to utilize cultural diversity for capturing different perspectives to a particular decision. Specifically, globalization has made proper management of cultural diversity is necessary within organizational structure. In this study, theRead MoreCross Cultural Relationships1105 Words   |  5 PagesCROSS CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS As the world becomes more and more internationally connected, the need to understand people from different cultures and how to interact appropriately with them also increases. Managers and leaders need to develop intercultural competences that can help them be more aware of their own culturally-based perceptions, norms, and patterns of thinking, and consequently adapt their behaviors according to specific cultural contexts. Managing people across cultures  offers solidRead MoreCultural Background Of Cross Cultural Communication1328 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Culture is defined by the behavior and knowledge of a specific group of people, such as language, religion and customs. Cross cultural communication studies how people from different countries, social status, and upbringing interact with each other In this new era of globalization cross cultural communication in organization it is not no longer a theory because of all the transformation that are happening are in the world we live in. PeopleRead MoreLink Between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership1033 Words   |  5 PagesKarounos, T.J. (2009), â€Å"Exploring the Link between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness†, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 1 – 13. Introduction Along with the globalization of business, many corporations are facing the challenge of operating in a different culture. The writers made a connection between emotional intelligence and cross-cultural leadership effectiveness to deal with this situation, this article also presentedRead MoreCulture Is The Mind s Way Of Separating One Group Of People From Another ( Kawar )1087 Words   |  5 Pagesculture was the mind s way of separating one group of people from another (Kawar, 2012). Due to the technological advancements in the world people from all over are working together with new ways of communication. Though we must know the diversities of each culture in order to avoid being offensive, the same principles we use in communicating with different cultures is no different to what we would use in the workplace. When working in an organization you must motivate the employees, all while settingRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility at Bread Talk Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesThis research paper will discuss the basis of the open system, Corporate Social Responsibility practiced by BreadTalk, understanding of cultural differences and steps that could be taken to promote cross cultural awareness. Breadtalk Founded in 2000, BreadTalk have grown to become one of the top local brands and operates more than 330 bakery outlets, 31 food courts and 13 restaurants across Singapore, Asia and Middle East. BreadTalk have been consistently advocating the open systems loop efficientlyRead MoreCross Cultural Management of Japan United States1020 Words   |  5 PagesCross Cultural Management of Japan United States One concern of the merger between these two companies involves group interaction and sense of space. People in the United States take great pride in themselves on individualism and informality. The Japanese culture values groups and formality. People in the United States admire a person who excels above everyone else. If this merger takes place and it makes the price of stock to rise, the American company might want to buy more stock andRead MoreKey Challenges to Cross Cultural Management: O2 Germany Case Study1142 Words   |  5 PagesGenerally, culture can be viewed as the behavioural norms within a group of people sharing common ethnicity, beliefs, education, historical background, location or institutions. It is widely the accepted behaviour in a group and likely the most striking or peculiar form of behaviour noted by a foreign member new in the group. Considering this, multinational corporations (MNC) must be highly sensitive towards cross cultural management in orde r for them to expand, implement their strategies and achieveRead MoreCross Cultural Leadership And Diversity975 Words   |  4 PagesA511.8.4.CM - Leadership Concept Map Chapters 14 Cross-cultural Leadership and Diversity Globalization and changing demographic patterns are making it more important for leaders to understand how to influence and manage people with different values, beliefs, and expectations. There has been more leadership research on cross†cultural aspects and gender differences than on other types of diversity (Ospina Foldy, 2009). Importance of Cross-cultural Research Leaders must also be able to understandRead MoreThe Global Environment That Multinational Corporations ( Mncs ) Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesDue to the changes, globalisation has caused through the butterfly effect, multiculturalism and diversity are becoming important topics for many MNCs globally (DeLancey, 2013). Numerous methods have been implemented by MNCs in order to capture cross-cultural differences in the workplace and how these can be readily applied to change management objectives in order to remain competitive and relevant in the ever-evolving business environment. This literature review will consider the significance that

Persuasive Essay The Toilet Paper - 711 Words

There’s a saying, it’s that the three necessities of life are food, shelter, and toilet paper. In 1890, when toilet paper was first put on a roll, was when the world truly started. Toilet paper is the best invention ever created because it gets us clean and fresh in seconds. Joseph Gayette was the man behind it all. His invention has and will be used in the world for hundreds and hundreds of years. It’s almost as if you didn’t even leave to do your business. Imagine a life without toilet paper, I just couldn’t do it. Toilet paper is so easy to get rid of, practically everywhere, and it’s clean and effective. Have you ever thought where it goes once you flush it? Once you flush, you never have to see it again. That’s unless you work at†¦show more content†¦The concept of toilet paper is genius. The concept allows us to grab, and rip of a piece without touching the next piece. No one wants to get gross bathroom germs. Common ill nesses, like a stomach bug, pass through bathrooms, and fungi like, athlete’s foot, occur in the bathroom from walking bare foot. Everyone gets the stomach bug at sometime, but most think of contracting the disease from being near someone that has it. In fact you get from being in a germ-filled bathroom. Imagine all of the times your mom told you to go wash your hands after you went to the bathroom, it’s because the bathroom can be a gross place. Things like toilet paper help us stay clean and reduce the amount of germs spread in the bathroom. Also, down there, it does a great job. I can walk around freely, after I do my business without worrying about stench, for I know toilet paper did a good job. I personally use Scott’s brand toilet paper, which I highly recommend. It’s very soft, and also very strong. Since, toilet paper is easy to dispose of, it’s everywhere, it’s one of the biggest marketed items, and a huge money maker, because you c an never have too much toilet paper. With a simple flush, toilet paper is gone. The simple design, is so well thought out, that germs don’t spread as much, as if they were in a container, like a tissue box. Where, when you go to grab the next piece you touch the box, and the next piece. You can’t go anywhere in the world withoutShow MoreRelatedOF MICE AND MEN ESSAY Libre2222 Words   |  9 PagesOf Mice And Men Essay Of mice and men essay State of California. essay writers salt lake city research paper writing chattanooga buy college ruled paper. 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Pride and Prejudice Is Concerned with Various Aspects of Love and Marriage Free Essays

string(85) " quite astonished when she finds that the Bennet sisters did not draw, play or sing\." Pride and Prejudice is concerned with various aspects of love and marriage. Discuss. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen, was written in 1797, when women were still dependent on men for their livelihood and marriage was a tool for women of the time to get settled in comfortable households. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Is Concerned with Various Aspects of Love and Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the turn of 19th century in England, balls were one of the places to socialise, in other words, an opportunity for most young women to look for suitable husbands. Many of the Jane Austen novels centre on the theme of love and marriage, and it can be said that it presents to us the social history of England. Raymond Williams said, â€Å"Austen’s novels provide an accurate record of that moment in English history in which bourgeois society most evidently interlocked with an agrarian capitalism. † Austen’s Emma is a case in point in which the lead heroine is a match maker and though she herself vows not to marry but eventually falls in love with George Knightley who is the owner of an estate. Similarly, in other Austen novels, the story revolves around men and women interacting and socialising, and leads to an end where the heroine is happily married. Pride and prejudice is not free from such a theme, while marriage is a big concern, we also see development of love and the growth of relationships especially between Jane and Bingley, Elizabeth and Darcy. Pride and Prejudice starts with the comment, ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. This clearly sets out the pace of the story and we come to know that men with property are being highlighted. Mrs Bennet with five daughters to take care of and who also wants to protect her future after her husband’s death, feels it a great responsibility to marry off her daughters in well off households. So, when she hears of a Mr Bingley with ‘four or five thousands a year’, she pesters Mr Bennet to meet him for the sake of her daugh ters. This shows how she has already raised up her hopes that perhaps ‘he may fall in love with one of them. Mr Bingley is not only in the hunt list of Mrs Bennet but also on several other women’s too in the neighbourhood. Mrs Bennet makes a comment on Mrs Long ‘She has two nieces of her own’, which suggests that she is desperate to get her hands laid on him before he commits to another woman. The question is why women needed to be in this institution of marriage. One reason, as it appears, is the social status, and the other, the future comfort that marriage promises to women. As Wollstonecraft quotes, â€Å"†¦ he only way women can rise in the world- by marriage. † Why Charlotte gives in to marry Mr. Collins is only for a promising future and to free herself from being a burden to her family. Also, Mrs. Bennet throws her daughters into the marriage market in hope of acquiring them a social status. But why did women have to run after wealthy men? It i s only because women did not have any income of their own during that time, so they needed financial support through their husbands to run their lives. Had this been not the case and if women were working, marriage would not have become a priority of life for women just to gain a stable future and financial status of men would not have mattered then. Even now some mothers like Mrs. Bennet, who have adopted such notions of marriage of that time, still talk about getting their daughters married in good households. For them the future is all about marriage, they can’t separate the thought of their daughter’s future from the thought of them being married one day. Similarly, for Mrs. Bennet, Jane marrying Mr. Bingley is an excellent prospect; Elizabeth, being Darcy’s mistress, has the promise of living a luxurious life. Though Elizabeth is the heroine of the novel, Jane’s life takes a centre-stage in the eyes of the characters as she is the most beautiful of all the women, and so everyone is involved in her love life as they believe that with her beauty she can captivate any man of fortune. She is then thrown into the marriage market. From this we also come to know how love is not the first priority but economic status in society is what women want to seek through marriage. We also see how beauty played a role for catching good husbands. Charlotte Lucas who is seen as another potential candidate for Bingley in the beginning, fails because she is not handsome enough. She ultimately marries Elizabeth’s cousin Mr Collins just to gain financial security. This, maybe, because of the lack of education that women received. They were only educated in the arts that were necessary to be a â€Å"lady† and also the ones that would make them a good housewife. Another quote by Wollstonecraft: â€Å"It is acknowledged that they (women) spend many of the first years of their lives in acquiring a smattering of accomplishments; meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to libertine notions of beauty, to the desire of establishing themselves- the only way women can rise in the world– by marriage. And this desire making mere animals of them, when they marry they act as such children may be expected to act- they dress, they paint, and nickname God’s creatures. Not only ‘well-educated young women of small fortune’ were in want of husbands but as Amrita Bhalla in her essay ‘Property Rights of (Wo)men’, writes ‘Even women of fortune were not spared an orientation for marriage- their chief concern was to be â€Å"accomplished† in a specific manner, dictated by the current times. ’ Perhaps, marriage enhanced their status in the society. Lady Catherine de Bourgh is quite astonished w hen she finds that the Bennet sisters did not draw, play or sing. You read "Pride and Prejudice Is Concerned with Various Aspects of Love and Marriage" in category "Papers" Single men are the primary target for young women in the novel. We see Elizabeth’s younger sisters out with men at quite an early age. They are quite attracted by the officers in red coats. We see Lydia and Kitty socialising with the officers and they seem to be the most excited ones at the prospect of marriage. Mrs Bennet encourages them to go out, as she wants to be free from her duty as soon as possible. There is an attitude of urgency towards marriage not only to get husbands of fortune but as in Lydia’s case who runs away with Wikham, is ultimately married to him for the sake of the status of her family in society. She then feels quite proud of the fact to be the first one of her sisters to get married. We also see Mr Collins, a single man with considerable wealth, who wants to marry desperately, keeping his eye on the Bennet sisters. Although, he notices Jane first, after knowing she is taken he settles on Elizabeth but he is refused by her. Jane Austen quotes, ‘It is always incomprehensible to a man that a woman should ever refuse an offer of marriage. ’ Mr Collins finally finds civility in Charlotte Lucas and she consents to his marriage proposal for the prospects of future wealth. The narrator comments, ‘Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object; it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want. ’ While the novel is focused upon different attitudes towards marriage such as marrying for financial security or social status, we see elements of love which sprout slowly and finally blossom by the end of the novel. It’s the love between Darcy and Elizabeth that develops most slowly but as is it does, we see a change in both the characters. Darcy is the first to fall in love, but it is after his proposal is refused, that he reflects upon his behaviour. He then realises his mistake and tries to undo all of them. He tries to restore the honour of the Bennet family by making Wikham marry Lydia. It is his love for Elizabeth that urges him to help her in all way possible. He even gives up on his ‘pride’. This change in him develops a stronger feeling of love in Elizabeth towards Darcy. She too introspects and realises how prejudiced she has been all along. She falls for Darcy but we are not quite sure when exactly her mind changes although she jokes that she happens to change her mind when she visits Pemberley. Therefore, love gives rise to self-reflection and an alteration in attitudes of the main characters. Austen does not directly dwell into love in the beginning of the novel. While marriage is the main focus, love happens eventually between the principal characters. The ‘disagreeable’ and proud Darcy is not fascinated enough to fall for Elizabeth at first sight but as he sees her more and more, he is captivated by the beauty of her eyes. He starts studying Elizabeth’s character more and more, and falls for her deeply. He ignores his status, while he proposes to Elizabeth, although she does not belong to an equal background. Elizabeth justifies herself in front of his aunt, â€Å"He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s daughter; so far we are equal. † Darcy being the ‘prince’, who marries an ordinary woman, gives Pride and Prejudice a fairytale ending. Another couple who are affected by love is Jane and Bingley, Jane falls passionately in love with Mr. Bingley and he falls for her. When Bingley deserts Jane, her love only grows for him while he is away. They too have a happy ending when Bingley finally returns for her. Austen is quite subtle in the presentation of love among her characters; they do not delve into passionate love making, but grow feelings of love and care for each other. There are overall five important marriages in the novel: Mr. And Mrs. Bennet, Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, Lydia and Wikham, Jane and Bingley, Elizabeth and Darcy. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are quite opposite in their characteristics which is why they have conflict of ideas, and hence, fail as a couple whereas, Charlotte and Mr. Collins do not share any commonality between them either. Both of these couple lack the emotion of passionate love for each other. Charlotte is married to Mr. Collins only for future support and not because she loves him. Wikham and Lydia’s marriage again is not borne out of love, but it is a compromise after their little runaway trip together. The only successful marriages that seem to be are of Bingley and Jane, and Elizabeth and Darcy. Both these pairs are lovers and the men in this case ignore their status and social obligations to marry the women they love. After he hears about Elizabeth and Darcy, Mr Bennet says, ‘If any young men come for Mary or Kitty, send them in, for I am quite at leisure. ’ He is overjoyed for his favourite daughter for finding herself a ‘superior husband’. Hence, we notice that having a superior husband was considered important at that time and this is one of the points that feminist writers point out in their criticism against Jane Austen because of her including such a statement. She ends the novel on a happy note, with all her heroines happily married. Although, marriage is seen necessary for monetary support but ultimately Austen characters cannot escape love. Mary Wollstonecraft in Vindication of the Rights of Woman felt that if women were better educated, they â€Å"would not then marry for support. † Pride and Prejudice, thus, shows us how the society in 19th century England looked at the social institution of marriage. We can, therefore, conclude that Pride and Prejudice deals with various aspects of ‘love’ and ‘marriage’. How to cite Pride and Prejudice Is Concerned with Various Aspects of Love and Marriage, Papers

A Trip to New York Theatre Shows

Question: Discuss about planning and rationale of trip and schedules of theatre shows. Answer: Planning and Rationale of Trip: To plan a trip can be a very challenging task. It seems to be exciting in the beginning, but planning the minutest details carefully is at the same time quite challenging and interesting. One of such trips is being planned for me these days, which is a visit to New York theatre for next upcoming days, along with my friends, who share the common interest of watching theatre. The Theatre of New York has recently entered a golden era. It was dead a few decades ago, but in recent past years, it has revived with a new energy and popularity. These changing trends fascinated and encouraged us to plan a trip to the theatre of New York City. It is not only a delightful but also a great learning experience to watch theatre shows of New York City, as it gives a complete insight into U.S. culture. After doing a thorough research on it, I found that total budget per person for this trip would be approximate $900- $1000. We will be booking our rooms in the hotel Times Square, which will be nearby the majority of venues of theatre shows and will cost us around $ 153 ("The New York Times - Breaking News, World News Multimedia"). We will be booking tickets through Ticketchest.com, which is the most reliable and quick way out to book the tickets for events in New York. The flight to New York City will cost us approx. $165/person ("Broadway Theatre New York Theatre Guide - Online And New York Theatre Tickets With Broadway Theatre Tickets"). Schedules of Theatre Shows: We will be landing in New York City on 23rd March and will be having our tickets pre-booked for the show on the same day at 7:00 PM for the Fun Home. We decided to watch this show because it is a winner of 5 Tony Awards, which aroused curiosity in us. As per reviews of Ben Brantley, it is a Broadway musical and a great combination of intelligence and emotions. As per research and reviews, I came to know that it is based on the hot topic of homosexuality and draws the attention of its audience towards this critical issue. On this day, we will head towards watching the show "Fun Home". It is a family show and will be shown in Square theatre. As Adam Feldman reviews the show, he says that Alison Bechdel is a cartoonist and knows very well how to pack big surprises in small boxes. According to a viewer, Stephen L the play is more of a chamber opera than a musical theatre. According to the viewers the three actors who have played the cartoonist as real life actors are superb. The show wil l cost us 80$ per head. It is humorous as well as it touches the heart of the audience and we are yet to explore how far are these reviews correct. The next day we have a plan to watch a Broadway show named She Loves Me. This show is based on a book which is witty in nature was written by Joe Masteroff. It is a romantic comedy and revolves around the love story which casts Zachary Levi and Laura Benanti, who have their chemistry in spades. As quoted by a reviewer Tara P, she couldn't leave the theatre without a grin on her face and feel happy. She even vouches that if this play is not worth a start, then she didnt know what is. As per reviews, it depicts the basic formula that as perfume can trigger someone only if it has the right combination of alcohol, water and oil, similarly, love can happen between two persons, when there is a mutual chemistry between the two and this is what is depicted in this show. As per David Cote, this show is a great blend of the casting design, costumes and the joyful production (Cote). This theatre will be played on March 24th and will cost us 56$ per person. The next morning we have planned to watch an off-Broadway show named The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe that will be played at St. Lukes Theatre. We have decided to watch this show because it has been nominated as the best family show and was honoured with the Off Broadway Alliance Awards, 2012 along with other six awards, which fascinated us to watch this show. As suggested by Erin Leigh Peck, this story from the story book written by C.S. Lewis has come to life through the great imagination of two actors who have played all the characters which are there in the novel (Peck). In this, Peter and Lucy take the audience to the Narnia, where a spell is cast by the witch and makes it always winter. The cost of watching this show will be around $35 per person. The last day is fixed for off-Broadway show, Angel Reapers. As said by Helen Shaw, it is a portrait of 18th-century American religious sect, which vowed to connect to God by observing strict celibacy. It depicts a Shaker community of that period, in which the shaker skirts, dance and are swung by their male partners in the air and soon the whole stage gets full of stamping feet and with the loud noise of ringing bells. All of them dance under a white cloth, which is a delightful experience to watch along with short dialogues in between (Shaw). Their dancing tunes are full of ecstasy and spiritual renunciation, which take you away with their tunes. Then a married couple also dances, but in anguish and anxiety as if full of madness in dance. It throws light on the fact that how the commitment of females to celibacy tortures them and leads to homosexuality. The cost of watching this show will be around $45 per person. After the viewing all, we will be staying for another one day to explore other sight seeing places of New York city and not to mention for shopping. We are hoping this trip to be not only memorable and enjoyable but also a rich learning experience for all of us by watching the world famous shows of New York City. We are just hoping that it will not only enrich our knowledge but will also give us an unforgettable experience of our lives. References "At This Theatre: 100 Years Of Broadway Shows, Stories And Stars".Choice Reviews Online40.07 (2003): 40-3926-40-3926. Web. "Broadway Theatre New York Theatre Guide - Online And New York Theatre Tickets With Broadway Theatre Tickets". Newyorktheatreguide.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. Cote, David. "She Loves Me". Time Out New York. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. Hornby, Richard. "New Life On Broadway".The Hudson Review41.3 (1988): 512. Web. Kolin, Philip C. "Playing Underground: A Critical History Of The 1960'S Off-Off-Broadway Movement (Review)".Theatre Journal57.4 (2005): 780-781. Web. Loney, Glenn. "Broadway And Off-Broadway Supplement".Educational Theatre Journal18.1 (1966): 66. Web. Peck, Erin Leigh. "Reviews/Features". The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. Shaw, Helen. "Angel Reapers". Time Out New York. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. "The New York Times - Breaking News, World News Multimedia". Nytimes.com.. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.

Absurd Essays - Theatre Of The Absurd, Philosophy Of Life

Absurd Theatre Influences on Theatre of the Absurd Big feet, stampeding rhinoceroses, and barren sets are typical of the theatre of the absurd. The dramatic content, symbolism, and spectacles are an amazing thing to see and an impossibility to comprehend. The philosophy of the absurd and the dawn of mankind influenced these plays in the twentieth century. The main proponents and works of the theater of the absurd and philosophy were influenced by the chaotic actions of the early and mid-twentieth century. These chaotic actions led them to search for something in literature and drama never seen before. A brief survey of the main proponents and works of the absurd philosophy and theater can lead one to an understanding of this epoch of absurdity. The early to mid-twentieth century has been marked by chaos. The four main events or notions that inspired the absurd writers of this time are World War I, World War II, liberalism, and epidemics. The two world wars had a devastating influence on Europe's landscape and people. The two world wars knocked down everyone's fundamental belief about society. The breakdown of values led to Freud's development of psychoanalysis. Freud, basically, liberalized society with his new perceptions and thoughts on the human mind. He introduced a liberal ideal that brought homosexuality out into the open in Europe. Slowly, people went public about their homosexuality; society also learned to adapt and accept such liberal ideas as the new standard norm for a post-war Europe. Another problem that plagued Europe was the Castro 2 tremendous amount of diseases and epidemics that could not be cured or treated until the discovery, development, and production of penicillin and anti-biotics. One disease that flourished was tuberculosis. This deadly disease spread quickly to many by air. All these events and notions of the early to mid-twentieth century left a scare in the hearts and minds of men about everything. The idea of the absurd grew out of an Algerian born French writer, Albert Camus. His novels and writings expressed a philosophy for man in the twentieth century. Due to the wars, factions, assassinations, and political mess, his ideas expressed the lives of many in the early twentieth century. His life was plagued with death and suffering. He could relate to every man in Europe and North Africa. His great work, the Myth of Sisyphus, proposed the philosophy of the absurd he was trying to build up in The Stranger and The Plague. Basically, Camus states that since the gods punished Sisyphus with eternal work, Sisyphus could only be happy in knowing he existed and this displayed the absurdity of modern man and his lifetime of labor. Albert Camus was influenced by his own absurd life. His father died during his childhood in the Great War. He grew up with an ill grandmother and illiterate mother. He became ill with the spreading tuberculosis of the early twentieth century. Later, he joined the French resistance in World War II. In France, he became the editor for Combat, a newsletter for the resistance. Through his job, he was able to make contacts with the leading European writers of his time. This proved invaluable to him, because with the help of these authors he gained the fame that won him the Nobel Prize in literature. Many critics believe that his idea of the absurd grew out of seeing unspeakable acts during the war. In Camus's Myth of Sisyphus, he actually states that his theory on the absurd is a reaction to the disillusionment in Europe after the two world wars: Castro 3 The Myth of Sisyphus attempts to resolve the problem of suicide, as The Rebel attempts to solve that of murder, in both cases without the aid of eternal values which, temporarily perhaps, are absent or distorted in contemporary Europe. (preface) He drew up the philosophy of the absurd to account for the devastating actions of World War II. He needed an explanation for the misery in his life and the world, and until then Christianity and the other absolute philosophies could provide no valid explanation. The philosophy of the absurd he initiated has three main points. First, life is absurd, and it is useless to find any pattern or regularity within it. Second, man must accept life as the absurd and enjoy the absurdity with happiness. Third, man cannot fight the absurd, but simply accept that life will never have meaning. These three points combine to form the elements in the works he called "the cycle of the absurd." These three points are derived from his

One Thousand Words †Visual Culture Essay

One Thousand Words – Visual Culture Essay Free Online Research Papers One Thousand Words Visual Culture Essay Some time ago our culture realized that our eyes are much quicker at processing images than they do words. This realization has saved many from countless hours of paying attention to words and to then having to interpret such words. After all, â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words† (Arlen, 1067-1). Some time ago the film industries realized that if they could take a thousand words and turn it into a single picture, perhaps even a motion picture, and distribute it on a massive scale, countless individuals would tune in to view it. And so it began, â€Å"The Tyranny of the Visual†, as Michael J. Arlen so delicately put it. It seems people are no longer interested in the long, romantic soliloquies of the Shakespearian era, but rather they want fun, adventure, pretty lights, bright colours, dark villains (preferably with horns), etc. But, most importantly, no one wants to think when they sit down to be entertained; they don’t want to interpret and rate the believability of any one picture, thus, the assumption is made that the work must be accurate with history, literature, or just life in general. And so, it is these assumptions that are responsible for the intell ectual depletion of recent culture. Though visual effects began as an intriguing new medium, it has somehow monopolized into a culture with little or no verbal intellect. It is so easy to be dazzled by flashy images, which either take us to a happier place or remind us that our own lives are not all that bad, that we rarely bother to weigh the quality of the information being conveyed. Take for instance the film, Zoolander, which actually came with a recommendation to set your brain aside for the duration of the film. The film constituted of a harebrained male model (Derek Zoolander) out to save the Malaysian president from an assassination plot by the corrupt model industry. To demonstrate: after carefully securing the computer with all the information that would provide all the evidence necessary to prove there case against the evil modeling empire, Derek’s counterpart, yet another moronic male model, attempted to retrieve the information from the computer by dropping it a few hundred meters from a second- storey balcony. Needless to say, he was at a loss when the information could not be found amidst the wreckage. Though such blatant stupidity cannot act as a reasonable basis of comparison for all films, the fact that it still grossed 43 million dollars does indicate certain standards among individuals. However, a much more formal movie, Gladiator, which won the Best Picture award, had much more of the heart-stopping, pulse racing, and edge of your seat flashy images and minute dialogue that captivates an audience. Aside from a great deal of yelling and blood, there was little to interpret from this movie. As a matter of fact, half way through the movie, it was all but forgotten how the leading man ended up with such a thirst for vengeance. The director seemed to have forgotten what relevant role the earlier slayings of his wife and child played in the plot. But the audience was still never at a loss because they instinctively knew that a good cause was being fought for and it was well worth every molecule of blood. But, at the very end, there was a small reminder of the worthy cause which the late grieving husband and father died for; and with this new information in-hand, the audience was able to give a well-informed standing-ovation. While directors and producers seem to get away with shabby original works and can even gloss over historical details at whim, as they did in Arlen’s example of The Deer Hunter, there are special considerations to be made when dealing with literary works. In The Deer Hunter the events of the Vietnam War are blemished with more contrived information that would best suit the director’s â€Å"visual effect† pattern; one which would elicit the most â€Å"automated† responses from the audience (be it a yelp or a wince) (Arlen, 1068). However, this technique grows increasingly bothersome when it comes to literary works. Perhaps it is because historical data is there to be manipulated by the most unintelligent of people, but a work of literature is a single idea created by a single person. It conveys with it an individual’s feelings, opinions, and visions; in effect, it is much more personal. To manipulate even a single word would perhaps result in a w hole new meaning from what was intended by the author. In contrast, even if a novel is brought to film production and is accurately laid out word for word, it is considerably difficult to pluck the corresponding thoughts from a writer’s mind and plot them into neat little visuals. Such is the case with Toni Morrison’s, Beloved. The director obviously never anticipated the difficulty a picture to have eliciting sympathy for a woman sawing off the head of her children. How does one use visually convey the severity of slavery to such a degree that any reasonable person could understand an act of infanticide? While the film centered on a single gruesome act and the mother’s subsequent regrets, the literature provided an idea as to the hardships and degradation black slaves endured. This film demonstrated that words cannot always be translated into pictures, for words carry with them ideas which require further interpretations; and when turned into pictures, ideas lose their potential for further interpretation. A good visual masterpiece will leave no room for interpretations. It will say in a single frame what a thousand words would convey. But, is that really so, or are individuals just too lazy to analyze what their eyes perceive? Can a single picture really say a thousand words? It would indeed be unreasonable to blame directors for people’s poor taste; after all, if there was no audience for a film, then that film would most likely not have been developed. So, even though visual effects aid and abet the deterioration of cultural intellect, if people would show some form of discretion the damage could surely be minimized. Furthermore, although it may seem easy to turn words into images, a great deal is often lost in the translation. Words tend to bring with them an influx of new ideas, but a film is generally the idea, it offers few discourses or channels of thought. In essence, while visual effects tend to nourish aesthetic values, words are intended to nourish verbal int ellect. Arlen, Michael J. â€Å"The Tyranny of the Visual.† The Norton Reader: AANP. Ed. Arthur M. Eastman, et al. New York: Norton 2000. 1067-1074 Research Papers on One Thousand Words - Visual Culture EssayWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Enviromental Science - Water Quality Parameters Movie Review

Enviromental Science - Water Quality Parameters - Movie Review Example However, group 3 found a turbidity value of 30 downstream and group 4 found a turbidity value of 40 upstream. Temperature – the temperature of the water in the stream is within the normal temperature range. Water is cooler upstream than downstream meaning that metabolism activities in the stream are in the normal range. Temperature also affects reproductive activities in the stream and life cycles in general. Dissolved oxygen – it is the mass of oxygen present in the water, and its units are parts per million (ppm) or milliliter per Liter. The average dissolved oxygen of 7ppm means that the mass of oxygen in the water is within the required range for aquatic life. The values of 5.6 ppm and 5.2 ppm for dissolved oxygen upstream and downstream respectively shows that oxygen levels are lower than average. The amount of dissolved oxygen may be affected by temperature, flow of water, aquatic plants and altitude. Percentage Saturation – the percentage saturation is 62.2% upstream and 59% down stream. This is an indication of high metabolic activities in the stream that result in the production of by-products that increase the saturation of salts in water. This is a key parameter that lowers the water quality in the stream. PH – the pH of water in the stream is extremely crucial. It affects the ecosystem and toxicity of the water. The average pH of water in a stream is 6 – 7. The pH of water in the stream is 8.05 upstream and 7.9 downstream. This pH levels are suitable for aquatic life in the stream. Phosphate (ppm) - phosphate is a limiting nutrient which means that it is in short supply compared to nitrogen. The stream has low phosphate values of 1.6 and 1.4 for upstream and downstream

The debt ceiling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The debt ceiling - Term Paper Example This happened since the government did not want a repeat of 2001 fiscal crisis, which was because of the Congress refusing to raise the debt ceiling. However, raising the debt ceiling has driven the national debt to wanting levels; $14.3 trillions. In my opinion the debt ceiling should be raise, but as a short-term measure. This is because failure to raise the ceiling would have consequences. The first consequence is that the government may be unable to pay its workforce their salaries. This may lead to unrest in the country. Secondly, the government may default on what it owes other creditors, for examples, holders of government securities. These are monies in terms of bonds’ principal and interest. This would result to the US government having a bad credit rating. Government securities’ risk would go up causing the rate of interest attached to them going up. As a result, the cost of capital in the entire economy would go up thus increasing the cost of doing business. This in turn would lead to economic growth slowing down (Allen, 2012). Thirdly, foreign investors might lose faith to the US government thus refusing to lend to it. They may also sell their US government’s securities. This, in turn, may lead to the dollar losing value against the world currencies. All these may compound the situation and return the economy back to recession (Allen, 2012). Additionally, other conditions should accompany the raising of the debt ceiling. These should be long-term measures. First, the government should cut spending on unproductive activities such as wars and defense. These are some of the government expenses, which do not add value to the economy. Cutting spending on these activities would reduce the budget deficit, which would enable the government to lower the debt ceiling in future. Finally, the government should increase taxes on corporate and the rich to reasonable rates that should not hurt the economy. This too would help in reducing the budget

Macro economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Macro economics - Coursework Example For instance, this will help boost the manufacturing sector which has faced competition from other countries such as china and the United States. One of the major benefits of the increased growth in exports is reduction in unemployment. Many individuals will be in a position to find jobs in most sectors in the economy due to increased demand of goods and services. Sectors that have been dormant for many years will be revived as a result of increased exports. By increasing exports, the UK will ensure that the cost of these exports is substantially reduced and the quality is enhanced. For example, The UK can achieve to reduce the cost of its exports by reducing the wages. When this happens, the UK will become attractive to other countries, and this will lead to more exports. In addition, by increasing the exports and making them cheaper and of higher quality, the UK will ensure that the population buys local products as opposed to relying on imports. The increase in domestic demand is important for economic growth. Increase in exports will also make the UK currency more valuable compared to other countries in the global economy. If the UK is importing more than exporting, it simply means that it selling its currency in order to buy the foreign currency so that it can import the goods and services. This has the effect of making the exports more expensive and making the imports cheap. In the end, domestic buyers will be encouraged to buy from outside markets. However, when exports are made cheaper, the currency becomes strong, making the UK competitive in the global market. Local manufacturers and service providers are therefore likely to find overseas markets when the currency is strong. Finally, increases in exports and reduction in imports will have a major effective on innovation and creativity. Local firms and individuals will be encouraged to enhance the quality of existing

Straight forward novel about rape

Straight forward novel about rape Discuss the role of supernatural and mythical elements in the representation of childhood in Sylvie Germains LEnfant Mà ©duse. Sylvie Germain could have written a straight forward novel about rape, incest and neglect, but Enfant Mà ©duse is more profound .The novel intertwines magical realism, supernatural and mythical elements which help us understandthe main character Lucie and her childhood. In this novel we find multiple mythological and biblical sources ranging from the Ogre, Eurydice, the Medusa as well as the themes of Vengeance and Redemption from the Old and New Testaments respectively .We aim to discuss the role of these various elements and how it influences the depictions of childhood within this novel. The main character of the story is Lucie Daubignà ©, a little girl who lives a contented childhood in a quiet and rural village of Berry near swamps where magicals creatures lurk in the shadows. This is remisniscent of George Sands novels set during the nineteenth century in the same area where forests and swamps of Berry are linked to traditional beliefs and even sorcery. ()() However this idyllic life stops when the ogre of fairy tales appears, rapes and kills two young girls within the village. Lucie herself is the third rape victim of the Ogre, her step brother Ferdinand. He repeatedly abuses her destroying her innocence and happiness. When Lucie is raped by Ferdinand she erects a mental barrier to shield and distance herself from the brutal truth. Lucie , dont lunique lecture à ©tait celle des contes et des là ©gendes p29 immerges herself within a world of fairy tales. She transforms Ferdinand into the brutal ogre, a common childhood nightmare for all small children. Another element from fairy tales is the presence of Lucies mother, Aloise Daubignà ©. She is Lucies natural mother, but she has all the attributes of the wicked stepmother: a child from a first marriage whom she adores Ferdinand à ©legance , la mà ªme beautà © et cette blondeur rare,, ces cheveux soyeux ornà ©s de boucles dange p80 as well as an attitude and comments that are both unfeeling Voix impà ©rieuse celle qui scande les journà ©es de Lucie, du saut du lit jusquau coucher..la voix de lordre, la voix des ordres p 39 and cruel Tu tamuses à   me ridiculiser tu me fais honte avec ta maigreur de squelette p96 Fairy Tales are written about normal people the child can identify with. They have been used over the centuries to teach important lessons and give moral values. The children themselves use these stories to cope with difficult emotions and anxieties. Bruno Bettelheim explains in one of his books Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales ( ) that fairy tales help children make sense of what happens in their life. The simplicity of the situations and the duality of the characters (good / evil, hero/villain) give the child a way of expressing thoughts or feelings that were repressed in real life. They help the child to understand the adult world. The inevitable happy end gives the child the hope that his problems and pains will end and and that he will conquer all. This cannot be dissociated from myths which show that with efforts we often triumph over lifes trials. This is mentionned by Franà §ois Dolto in her book : La cause des enfants Where as fairy tales deal with emotions, myths speak of great actions, victories and supernatural events. The first myth in LEnfant Mà ©duse is a cosmic event: The Eclipse. Many mythologies have integrated eclipses as a sign of things to come. Les humains sont craintifs. Ils brulent de savoir et seffraient davantage p17 The first eclipse foreshadows the rape of Lucie by the Ogre; Lucie is abused by her brother and her childhood has ended. What should have been a happy childhood is destroyed. Her childhood is returned during the artificial eclipse created by Lou Fà ©s postcard. Sur la table il y a la carte postale, tache blonde sur le bois sombre. (.) Elle se penche vers limage. Et son enfance aussi se penche. p280 The next theme is the myth of Eurydice and the underworld symbolising evil and revenge which Sylvie Germain places opposite the sky symbolising innocence and purity. In the beginning, Lucie has a friend Lou Fà © a future astronomer and great admirer of the stars (Le petit prince des à ©toiles) p21 and later on she is alone. Elle ira seule desormais dans les matins de Septembre. Lou Fà © sera en pension. p71 Like Eurydice who descended into the Underworld, Lucie descends into the swamps. She feels closer to the creatures of the underworld, toads , salamanders and snakes than to humans. Elle avait renià © tous les astres. .. Elle ne dà ©sirait plus que senfoncer dans la terre, creuser dessous la terre A very slow process changes Lucie from a beautiful little child into an unlikable, ugly girl. This is an attempt on her part to stop the abuse, to reclaim her own body defiled by Ferdinand who is always stronger always more powerful than her. The strength of the ogre as an evil character leads Lucie to become an even worse and far more malevolent entity: The Medusa. The Ogre can inflict physical pain, however the Medusa eventually petrifies its victims killing just by looking at them. Lucie is beaten by grief and shame (son regard, il a couvà © au feu de la honte et de la peur longtemps) p 117, but she slowly becomes consumed by hatred pour fourbir en secret son regard de haine et de vengeance p145.The myth of The Medusa is used to describe Lucie who is a helpless child. She has suffered so much that she has transformed herself into a Gorgon, an ugly creature which turns to stone those who dare look at her. When Ferdinand falls over in a drunken state and knocks himself out, Lucie uses this opportunity and for once goes to him instead of him always coming to her. Once she finally reaches him, Lucie only stares at him. Cest un regard qui siffle, et grince, et saigne, et qui verse sur lui les larmes des enfants quil a jetà ©es en terre. .. Un regard de Mà ©duse. p 145. Lucie lives in a world full of magic and like every child she has the feeling that she can make her dreams come true. Her dream is linked to her hatred of Ferdinand, the Ogre. She does not need to cause the Ogre any physical harm as she is the Medusa, her stare will do the deed. Lucie knows what her brother is capable of; he is a rapist and a killer. She is judge and jury. We see the influence of her religious education. The God of the old Testament is a God of revenge and she is his disciple, an avenging angel. Et soudain illuminà ©e par sa haine pour le frà ¨re, Lucie se prà ©pare pour accomplir son oeuvre de vengeance son oeuvre de justice p110 . While she stares at her brother lying on the ground in the garden, Lucie wants him to remember his evil actions. She pins the pictures of the two girls he has raped and killed where he can see them Elle pique une à ©pingle en haut de chaque photo puis avec prà ©caution se penche vers les tomates et y plante les photos p115 and just stares at him Le regard seul est en jeu- un regard fou à ©changà © en miroirla violence de ce regard immense et fixe. 116 Many years later, Lucie receives a post card from her friend Lou Fà © Elle se penche vers limage Et son enfance aussi se penche. p280 . She can look back at her childhood and from then on starts her resurrection, an influence of the New Testament. Une seconde enfance vient de naitre en Lucie p 280. She can cry once again une enfance aux yeux non plus brulà ©s de larmes contenues, mais embuà © de douceur comme au sortir dun songe The child is no longer locked and Lucie can start living. Had it not been for the supernatural and mythical elements in the novel, Sylvie Germains LEnfant Mà ©duse would have been a simple novel about the sufferings of a young girl. However Sylvie Germain has turned the basic story line of LEnfant Mà ©duse into a very profound and meaningful literary work involving age old myths and fairy tales like Euridyce, the Medusa, and the Ogre as well as the Bible.

Frivolous Lawsuits :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Frivolous Lawsuits As children our parents tried to instill in all of us good moral judgment and common sense. However, if I was to open the newspaper I would surely find any number of articles on the latest frivolous lawsuit, these being even more outrageous than the ones in yesterday’s paper. How have we as a society, which is completely capable of rational thinking, allowed ourselves to become so intertwined in the blaming game? Americans file about 15 million lawsuits a year. (Cannell) A fourth of all lawsuits filed are either frivolous or fraudulent. Perhaps, the careless point of view about the seriousness of lawsuits is perpetuated by the false representation on the many law shows on TV, such as Ally McBeal and Law and Order, in which the case is neatly rapped up in an hour. In reality most court cases take about 19 months from start to finish. In order to analyze our â€Å"sue happy† society one must first find out, what actually is a lawsuit? A lawsuit is a legal action brought by a plaintiff, a person who claims to have been wronged, against a defendant, the person being sued. If a judge decides that a case has enough evidence to go to trial then the verdict may be decided by either a judge or a jury. Yet, 90 percent of cases reach a settlement out of court. (Cannell) The scary truth about lawsuits is that anyone can file a suit for anything! It is for the judge to decide if the case meets two criteria: there must have been a wrongful act committed and the plaintiff must have suffered. (Cannell) The way in which liability is determined seems to be an irony in itself. The civil law requires people to act with reasonable care, meaning not hurting others or damaging property. Also it requires the defendant to do what a reasonable person would have done. (Cannell) However, my question is, if a person is not using a reasonable mind then isn’t that person insane or otherwise mentally handicapped?